Sydney Observatory Papers No.31
SYDNEY OBSERVATORY : 1858 to 1958 Part 1
By HARLEY WOOD
EARLY ASTRONOMY IN AUSTRALIA
Astronomy was closely associated with the early history of
Australia for it was his first expedition to observe a transit of
Venus in 1769 that Captain James Cook made the exploration of the
east coast of Australia which led tothe foundation of the Colony in
1788.
With Captain Phillip’s first fleet,
too, there was an astronomer, Second Lieutenant William Dawes. One of
his duties was to establish a station to observe the expected return
of a comet.
Halley had conjectured that two comets, one observed in 1532 by
Appian and the other in 1661 by Hevelius, were identical and that a
new return would occur in about 1790. Maskelyne, the Astronomer
Royal, was anxious to have a watch kept for the comet because at this
stage the only predicted return of a comet which had been verified
was the famous one of Halley and the only other body added by
observation to the classical members of the solar system was the
planet Uranus. Halley’s conjecture was
probably wrong for the comet was not observed by Dawes or by
astronomers in the northern hemisphere, where it should later have
been seen to better advantage. No astronomical Parramatta work is
known to have been done by Dawes which is scarcely surprising, since,
as well as being changed with the care of a small garrison, he was an
active member in the exploration and preliminary survey of the young
colony.
The astronomical tradition so began was continued by Governor Sir
Thomas Brisbane when he erected his private Observatory near
Government House in Parramatta in 1821. With him he brought two
assistant, Charles Rumker and James Dunlop, and together they
laboured on pioneering work, on the southern skies. The main
instruments were a transit instrument of 3¾ inches aperture, a
2 feet mural circle, a 3¼ inches equatorial and 2 pendulum
clocks. There were many useful smaller instruments and a library.
When Brisbane left N.S.W. at the end of 1825, the instruments were
sold to the Government, and Rumker, who had left Parramatta in the
middle of 1823 to live on his farm near Picton, and was appointed to
take charge of the Observatory where his observations began again
May, 1826. He returned to Europe early in 1829 and took up the post
of Superintendent of the Nautical School of Hamburg and Director of
Hamburg 0bservatory where he had a successful career.
The published work of Parramatta Observatory under Brisbane
compromises the Parramatta Catalogue of Stars, which was prepared for
publication at Greenwich Observatory, some papers on Latitude and
Longitude and some observations of comets. Among these,
especially interesting was the observation of Enkce’s Comet in June, 1822, on its first
predicted return. This was only the second case of a predicted return
of a comet being verified. Dunlop published catalogues of nebulae and
double stars based on private work done at his house in Parramatta.
Rumker published also the results of his work on pendulums, latitude
and longitude during this second period (1826-1828) at the
Observatory. Brisbane and Dunlop in 1828 each received a gold medal
of the Royal Astronomical Society for the Parramatta work and Rumker
was similarly honoured in 1854. [pg.4]
Dunlop, who, after leaving the Observatory in 1826, worked
privately, at his house at Parramatta and then in Brisbane’s Observatory in Makerstown, Scotland, was
appointed Superintendent of Parramatta Observatory towards the end of
1831. His observation, began in June 1832. Although in the years
immediately after this many observations were made with the transit
circle and the mural circle few of them appear to have been reduced
and none was published. In later years the Observatory and its work
entered on a period of such decay that Earl Grey wrote from Downing
Street on 1846, October 3, to Sir Charles Fitzroy asking him to call
upon Dunlop for a report immediately, and in future annually, on the
work and condition of the Observatory and to appoint a commission to
examine the Observatory every year “in
the same manner as is practised in the Royal Observatory in this
country” He concluded “you will also endeavour yourself to inspect
the Observatory and to report to me in what state it appears to
reason to believe that the observer pays proper attention to his
duties.” The commission, appointed. in
1847, April, consisted of Captain Phillip Parker King, R.N., son of a
former Governor of N.S.W. and afterwards Rear Admiral, Colonel A,
Gordon, Commanding Royal Engineer, and R. Rodgers, Ordinance
Storekeeper.
Events now moved quickly towards the final abandonment of
Parramatta 0bservatory. On 1847, June 26, King, Gordon and Rodgers
submitted their report on the Observatory as a result of the
inspection made on June 21. The building, of wood, was in a “dilapidated state of repair.... the floor
and partitions....entirely destroyed the white ant and it was
urgent to take measures to secure the instruments from further
injury”. On 18th August, James Dunlop
tendered his resignation to the “Board
Of Visitors of Parramatta 0bservatory”.
In this he refers to the inadequacy of the instruments and of the
building which when built in 1821 was “only intended as a private establishment not
calculated to last behind a few years ”The library was, he said, in “much the same state as when took charge of
it in 1832”. The Observations made “ consist of right ascensions and polar
distances with moon culminating stars, comets, etc. The reductions of
a portion of the observations between and 1832 and 1835 have been,
proceeded with, but having no assistant or clerk, have not proceeded
so far as I could wish”. He concluded
“it is my wish to try a change of scene
and occultation and with what little health and strength remains, to
endeavour to weather it a few years longer”. His wish was not fulfilled as he died on
1848, September 23.
Upon Dunlop’s resignation Gordon and
Rodgers recommended (1847, August 23) that instruments and books
belonging to Parramatta Observatory should be packed incases and
stored. This was done but the ultimate disposal was discussed over a
period of years. There were at various times suggestions that they
should be sold, returned to England or used as a nucleus to assist
the foundation of a new institution. They remained in Ordinance
Stores and thanks to the care of Phillip King were kept in reasonable
condition and eventually were handed over to Sydney Observatory.
Last Update : 14th November 2012
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